{"id":2453,"date":"2024-05-22T13:33:36","date_gmt":"2024-05-22T13:33:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/?p=2453"},"modified":"2026-01-21T13:34:32","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T13:34:32","slug":"the-exclusion-of-persons-with-disabilities-online-in-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/the-exclusion-of-persons-with-disabilities-online-in-china\/","title":{"rendered":"The Exclusion of Persons with Disabilities Online in China"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2453\" class=\"elementor elementor-2453\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62815609 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62815609\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-122bb22d\" data-id=\"122bb22d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2c1620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2c1620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Exclusion_of_Persons_with_Disabilities_Online_in_China\"><\/span>The Exclusion of Persons with Disabilities Online in China<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a2a9699 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-end elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"5a2a9699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hashtag\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Exclusion<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483c30ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"483c30ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-141625f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"141625f4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64f48e0\" data-id=\"64f48e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-51ce31e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51ce31e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e12491\" data-id=\"72e12491\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-314c73b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"314c73b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_does_this_case_study_involve\"><\/span>Who does this case study involve?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c6b1d1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c6b1d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>112 Internet Users in China with a range of Disabilities<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-57a75383\" data-id=\"57a75383\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61072753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"61072753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/undraw_People_re_8spw-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-2394\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ca3559 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"65ca3559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23f0b57b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"23f0b57b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_case\"><\/span>The case<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fabb97b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fabb97b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Although many researchers suggest that the online world provides a very good remedy to the types of exclusion that people with disabilities experience in the real world. The researchers in this work content that this is an overly optimistic perspective, and does not take into account the fact that the online world may very well deepen the digital divide and social exclusion of people with disabilities in many ways, as they ignore the power structure that results in the social and digital exclusion of disability. There is also a concern that they may be more vulnerable to exposure to harmful, manipulative, and exploitative content; they may engage with, or be engaged by others, in antisocial behavior; and they may get negative online contacts.<\/p><p>The research employed an ethnographic participant observation approach and in-depth interviews. They used purposive sampling and snowball sampling to recruit participants. Initially, they targeted specific online forums, including the biggest online forum for people with disabilities on Baidu Tieba, namely, caijiren ba (Forum of people with disabilities) and the biggest online platform for online jobs available to people with disabilities, namely, hubangwang (Website for Helping Each Other). In addition to these online fields, the researchers identified three rehabilitation hospitals for people with disabilities in Guangzhou. From 1 October 2016 to 1 November 2017, the authors conducted 13 months of fieldwork in the above fields. The fieldwork produced field notes of more than 100,000 words, and in addition to participant observations, the authors conducted 82 in-depth interviews. Following this, based on the snowball sampling approach, they conducted another 40 in-depth interviews.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1424dd4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1424dd4a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b81afdb\" data-id=\"5b81afdb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12be39d9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"12be39d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13f6eab1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13f6eab1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50ff0f\" data-id=\"a50ff0f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12cf9352 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12cf9352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Findings\"><\/span>Findings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-107f992e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"107f992e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e638b13\" data-id=\"7e638b13\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5465031b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5465031b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Some participants with disabilities indicated that they lived in poverty because they were unable to find employment, and the process of obtaining financial support from the government is extremely complicated, therefore, they had limited access to online content. Those who are able to regularly access the Internet have commented how the forums specifically aimed at people with disabilities do somewhat address the exclusion they find in their day-to-day lives, in a few different ways, not only does it alleviate boredom, but it also allows them to access disability and medical information, and it also allows them to find people with similar disabilities and share their stories, and learn from each other. Additionally, access to the Internet provides potential new means of employment, undertaking work in an online context.<\/p><p>However, in addition to the significant benefits outlined above, many participants raised issues and challenges that they have faced because of their Internet usage. A significant majority of the participants indicated that they are using the Internet to hide from their real-world problems, and many are addicted to online games. Additionally, when they see images of people with no obvious disabilities online, they sometimes feel sad and hurt about their conditions. The researchers also found that some disability forums had become very negative spaces where people were constantly sharing their pain and misery to such an extent that it was negatively impacting the mental health of others on those forums.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ab9369 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"25ab9369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4436752e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4436752e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e2ac78c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e2ac78c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lin, Z., Yang, L., &amp; Zhang, Z. A. (2018) \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/325242343_To_include_or_not_to_include_that_is_the_question_Disability_digital_inclusion_and_exclusion_in_China\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">To include, or not to include, that is the question: Disability digital inclusion and exclusion in China<\/a>\u201d, <em>New Media &amp; Society<\/em>, 20(12), 4436-4452.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Exclusion of Persons with Disabilities Online in China Exclusion Who does this case study involve? 112 Internet Users in China with a range of Disabilities The case Although many researchers suggest that the online world provides a very good remedy to the types of exclusion that people with disabilities experience in the real world. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"zakra_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":false,"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exclusion-case-studies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2453"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2453\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3725,"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2453\/revisions\/3725"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ascnet.ie\/inclusion4eu-website\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}